Scroll Top

Acne: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention Guide

ON THIS PAGE
SYMPTOMS   |  DIAGNOSIS  |  CAUSES  |  COMPLICATIONS  |
WHEN TO CALL A DOCTOR  |  TREATMENT  |  OUTLOOK

Everything you need to know about Acne

Overview: What Is Acne?

Acne is a common skin condition that causes spots, oily skin, and sometimes painful cysts. It usually appears on the face, back, and chest. While often linked to teenage years, acne can affect adults, too. In most cases, it is mild and treatable, but severe forms may require medical care.

Symptoms of Acne

  • Whiteheads, blackheads, or red bumps (papules)
  • Pus-filled spots (pustules)
  • Larger, painful lumps (nodules or cysts)
  • Oily skin and visible pores
  • Potential scarring after healing

Symptoms may flare with stress, hormonal changes, or certain skincare products.

Diagnosis

A GP or dermatologist can usually diagnose acne by examining your skin. Tests are rarely needed, but they may ask about:

  • When symptoms began
  • Family history of acne
  • Any medications or cosmetics used
  • Menstrual cycle patterns (for hormonal links)

Causes

Acne develops when hair follicles become blocked with excess oil (sebum), dead skin cells, and bacteria. Triggers include:

  • Hormonal changes (puberty, periods, pregnancy)
  • Family history of acne
  • Certain medications (steroids, lithium)
  • Cosmetic products that clog pores
  • Stress, which may worsen existing acne

Types

  • Blackheads: open clogged pores
  • Whiteheads: closed clogged pores
  • Papules: small red, tender bumps
  • Pustules: pus-filled spots with a red base
  • Nodules: large, hard, painful lumps under the skin
  • Cysts: severe, pus-filled lumps that may cause scarring

Risk Factors

You are more likely to develop acne if you:

  • Are a teenager or young adult
  • Have a family history of acne
  • Experience hormonal changes
  • Use oily or greasy skincare products
  • Take medications that influence hormones

Epidemiology: Who Gets It?

  • Around 95% of people aged 11–30 in the UK are affected by acne to some degree.
  • It’s most common during puberty but can persist into adulthood.
  • Adult acne affects more women than men, often due to hormonal fluctuations.

Outcome / Prognosis

  • Most cases improve with treatment, though it may take 2–3 months.
  • Mild acne often clears with over-the-counter products.
  • Severe acne may leave scars if untreated, but specialist care can reduce long-term effects.

Complications

  • Permanent scarring (pitted or raised marks)
  • Dark spots or pigmentation after healing
  • Low self-esteem, anxiety, or depression
  • Persistent adult acne requiring long-term care

Prevention

While acne cannot always be prevented, you can lower flare-ups by:

  • Washing your face twice daily with a gentle cleanser
  • Avoiding harsh scrubbing or strong soaps
  • Using non-comedogenic makeup and skincare
  • Keeping hair clean and away from the face
  • Avoid picking or squeezing spots
  • Managing stress through healthy routines

Living With Acne

Acne can affect self-confidence. Supportive measures include:

  • Seeking early treatment to prevent scarring
  • Using cover-up makeup designed for sensitive skin
  • Talking to your GP if acne affects your mental wellbeing
  • Joining support groups or online communities

Myths & Facts

  • Myth: Eating chocolate causes acne.
  • Fact: Diet may play a role, but chocolate itself is not proven to cause acne.
  • Myth: Acne only affects teenagers.
  • Fact: Adult acne is common, especially in women.
  • Myth: Sunbathing clears acne.
  • Fact: The sun may temporarily mask spots, but it can worsen oil production and scarring.

When to call a doctor

See a GP if:

  • Over-the-counter products haven’t worked after 8 weeks
  • Acne is severe, painful, or spreading quickly
  • You notice signs of infection (swelling, heat, pus)
  • Acne is affecting your self-esteem or mental health

Alternatively, find a local dermatologist here.

What Questions Should I Ask My Doctor?

  • What type of acne do I have?
  • What treatments are best for me?
  • How long will it take before I see results?
  • Will the treatment cause side effects?
  • How can I reduce the risk of scarring?
  • Should I see a dermatologist for specialist care?

Questions Your Doctor May Ask You

  • When did your acne start?
  • Does it get worse at certain times (e.g., before periods)?
  • What skincare products or medications are you using?
  • Do you have a family history of acne?
  • How is acne affecting your daily life?

Treatment

Treatment depends on severity:

Mild acne

  • Over-the-counter creams or gels with benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid.

Moderate to severe acne

  • Prescription topical retinoids, antibiotics, or azelaic acid.
  • Oral antibiotics for widespread breakouts.
  • Combined oral contraceptives for women.
  • Isotretinoin (under specialist care) for resistant, severe acne.
  • Good skincare (gentle cleansing, non-comedogenic products) supports medical treatment.

Outlook

Acne is a very common condition that can range from mild blackheads and whiteheads to more severe cysts and scarring. Although it often begins in adolescence, it can continue into adulthood and affect self-esteem as well as skin health. The good news is that most cases can be effectively managed with the right treatment plan, from over-the-counter remedies to prescription medicines and specialist care. With early intervention and ongoing support, the outlook for people with acne is generally positive. Treatment can reduce flare-ups, prevent complications, and improve overall quality of life.